Yellow-rumped Cacique

Appearance

The male is in average 28 cm long and weighs about 104 g, with the female 23 cm long and weighing 60 g approximately. The Yellow-rumped Cacique is a slim bird, with a long tail, blue eyes, and a pale yellow pointed bill. It has mainly black plumage, apart from a bright yellow rump, tail base, lower belly and wing "epaulets". The female is duller black than the male, and the juvenile bird resembles the female, but has dark eyes and a brown bill base.

The song of the male Yellow-rumped Cacique is a brilliant mixture of fluting notes with cackles, wheezes and sometimes mimicry. There are also many varied calls, and an active colony can be heard from a considerable distance.

It has three subspecies:
⤷  ''Cacicus cela cela'' – East of the Andes, from the Santa Marta coast of Colombia to central Bolivia and eastern Brazil.
⤷  ''Cacicus cela vitellinus'' – Panama Canal Zone to the base of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the central Magdalena Valley of Colombia. First recorded in the Serranía de las Quinchas on January 17, 2006.
⤷  ''Cacicus cela flavicrissus'' – Eastern Andes foothills from Esmeraldas Province to Tumbes Province .

The latter two may be a separate species, Saffron-rumped Cacique.

Habitat

The Yellow-rumped Cacique is a bird associated with open woodland or cultivation with large trees. This gregarious bird eats large insects and fruit.

It is a colonial breeder, with up to 100 bag-shaped nests in a tree, which usually also contains an active wasp nest. The females build the nests, incubate, and care for the young. Each nest is 30–45 cm long and widens at the base, and is suspended from the end of a branch. Females compete for the best sites near the protection of the wasp nest. The normal clutch is two dark-blotched pale blue or white eggs. Females begin incubating after laying the second egg; hatching occurs after 13 or 14 days. The young fledge in 34 to 40 days, usually only one per nest.