South American common toad

Rhinella margaritifera

The South American common toad is a species complex of toads in the family Bufonidae. They are found throughout the Amazonian South America and eastern Panama. It was originally believed to be a single species, but is now known to represent a complex of more than one.
Orange Rhinella margaritifera, Sani Lodge, Ecuador Another in the Rhinella margaritifera species complex. ID by John Sullivan. https://www.jungledragon.com/image/132187/orange_rhinella_margaritifera_-_top_view_sani_lodge_ecuador.html https://www.jungledragon.com/image/132186/orange_rhinella_margaritifera_-_frontal_sani_lodge_ecuador.html Ecuador,Ecuador 2021,Geotagged,Rhinella margaritifera,Sani Lodge,South America,South American common toad,Spring,World,Yasuni National Park

Naming

As of 2013, there were 16 formally described species within this complex, as well as an unknown number that are yet to be recognized.

⤷ ''Rhinella acutirostris''
⤷ ''Rhinella alata''
⤷ ''Rhinella castaneotica''
⤷ ''Rhinella dapsilis''
⤷ ''Rhinella hoogmoedi''
⤷ ''Rhinella lescurei''
⤷ ''Rhinella magnussoni''
⤷ ''Rhinella margaritifera''
⤷ ''Rhinella paraguayensis''
⤷ ''Rhinella martyi''
⤷ ''Rhinella ocellata''
⤷ ''Rhinella proboscidea''
⤷ ''Rhinella roqueana''
⤷ ''Rhinella scitula''
⤷ ''Rhinella sclerocephala''
⤷ ''Rhinella stanlaii''
Crested Toad (Rhinella margaritifera), Loreto, Peru The dominant leaf litter inhabiting toads here in the upper Amazon Basin of Peru are known as the "South American Common Toad" or "Crested Toad" (Rhinella margaritifera). I wanted to share another image as I've been shooting these guys, as many as I can find, for several years now. There is no doubt that this group is comprised of a complex of similar species...someone needs to wade in a straighten out a lot of little toads (we think there are at least 7 species in the Iquitos region alone). It will be a lot of hard work. These amphibians can attain a size somewhere between a tennis ball and a soft ball - females are typically a little bigger than males and develop the extravagant crests that the species is known for - as with the individual here. Rhinella margaritifera,South American common toad

Habitat

Its natural habitats are primary and secondary lowland, premontane and montane tropical moist forests. It is a generalist species that can also be found in disturbed areas.

References:

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Status: Least concern
EX EW CR EN VU NT LC
Taxonomy
KingdomAnimalia
DivisionChordata
ClassAmphibia
OrderAnura
FamilyBufonidae
GenusRhinella
SpeciesR. margaritifera
Photographed in
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru