Spring peeper

Appearance

Spring peepers are tan or brown with a dark cross that roughly forms an X on their dorsa, though sometimes the marking may be indistinct. They have a body length between less than 1 in to 1.5 in and a weight between 0.11 and 0.18 oz.

The species has large toe pads for climbing, although it is more at home amid the loose debris of the forest floor.

The color variations of ''P. crucifer'' are mostly tan, brown, olive green, and gray. Females are lighter-colored, while males are slightly smaller and usually have dark throats. Located by its throat, this frog has a vocal sac which expands and deflates like a balloon to create a short and distinct peeping sound. Only males have the ability to make this loud high-pitched noise, and they use it to attract mates.

Naming

There are two subspecies:

⤷  The northern, ''P. c. crucifer'', found all over the eastern United States and eastern Canada.
⤷  The southern, ''P. c. bartramiana''. The southern is distinguished by a strong dark marking on its belly. ''P. c. bartramiana'' is found along the southern Gulf Coast from southeastern Texas to northern Florida and southern Georgia.

Status

The spring peeper has no special status in most areas. They are common and widespread frogs in the eastern regions. However, their habitats are quickly changing due to loss of wetlands. In some areas, their populations have decreased significantly.

The species is listed as threatened in both Iowa and Kansas.

Habitat

Spring peepers live primarily in forests and regenerating woodlands near ephemeral or semipermanent wetlands. This amphibious species requires marshes, ponds, or swamp regions to support the aquatic environment the eggs and tadpoles need.

Reproduction

Spring peepers breed in southern areas from October to March, depending on the local temperature. In northern areas, they breed between March and June, when the warm rains start. ''P. crucifer'' typically lays around 900 eggs per clutch, but up to 1000 are possible.

Egg clusters are hidden under vegetation or debris at the water base. About eight weeks after hatching, they transform into frogs and are ready to leave the water. In very cold weather, they hibernate under logs and loose bark.

Spring peepers often call day and night as long as the temperature is above freezing, but they are mostly heard and usually not seen because they hide in dense plants. They are especially easy to hear due to their extremely loud mating call which gives them the name "peeper", but it is often hard to pinpoint the source of the sound, especially when many are peeping at once.

The peepers generally breed close to dusk and throughout the evening and early morning hours. Their calls can be heard from as far as one to two and a half miles, depending on their numbers. The spring peeper can live an estimated three years in the wild.

Food

Spring peepers are nocturnal insectivores, emerging at night to feed primarily on small invertebrates, such as beetles, ants, flies, and spiders. They do not climb high into trees, but hunt in low vegetation. Spring peepers living in deep, damp forests are active hunters both day and night, whereas those found in woodland edges restrict most hunting and other activity to night.

Tadpoles feed on algae and other organisms in the water. Their predators include great diving beetle larvae , snakes, skunks, and larger frogs.