Plain-mantled tit-spinetail

Appearance

The plain-mantled tit-spinetail is 15 to 17 cm long and weighs 7.5 to 11 g. It is a small, slender, long-tailed furnariid with a short bill. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults of the nominate subspecies "L. a. aegithaloides" have a white supercilium on an otherwise dark brownish, whitish streaked, face. Their crown is dark brown with wide golden-tawny streaks, their hindneck dark brown with grayish-white streaks, and their back, rump, and uppertail coverts dull brownish. Their upperwing coverts are dull brownish with rufous edges and their flight feathers dull fuscous with dark rufous bases. Also, their tail feathers are dark fuscous brown with paler edges; the tail is graduated and appears forked due to the central feathers having reduced inner webs. Their throat is whitish with some dark feather edges that increase onto the upper breast. The rest of their breast is dull grayish brown and the rest of their underparts are slightly paler. Their iris is brown, their maxilla blackish to dark gray-brown, their mandible dark horn to greenish gray, and their legs and feet gray to blackish. Juveniles have indistinct crown and throat markings, a lightly spotted back, and rounded tail feathers.

Subspecies "L. a. grisescens" is overall paler than the nominate, with wider and paler stripes on the crown, a grayer back and buffier rump, paler edges on the wing coverts, and grayer underparts. "L. a. berlepschi" is larger and bulkier than the nominate. It has a paler cinnamon crown whose streaks greatly contrast, pale buff streaks on the neck, cinnamon rather than rufous on the wing coverts and flight feathers, pale buff outer tail feathers, and entirely buffy underparts. "L. a. pallida" has the longest tail of all subspecies. Its crown and neck are similar to those of "berlepschi". Its upperparts are mostly pale gray with a pale buffy rump. It is pale cinnamon on the wing coverts and flight feathers, and its belly is pale gray with sometimes a buff wash on the belly and flanks.

Distribution

The nominate subspecies of the plain-mantled tit-spinetail is found in central Chile between the Coquimbo and Aysén regions. Subspecies "L. a. grisescens" is the northernmost; it is found coastally from Peru's Department of Arequipa south into northern Chile as far as the Atacama Region. "L. a. berlepschi" is found in the Andes of southern Peru, northern Chile, western Bolivia, and northwestern Argentina. "L. a. pallida" is found from northern Argentina and southern Chile south onto Tierra del Fuego.

Status

The IUCN follows HBW taxonomy and so has separately assessed the "plain-mantled" "sensu stricto", the "buffy", and the "pallid" tit-spinetails. All are treated as being of Least Concern, all have large ranges, and all have populations of unknown size that are believed to be stable. No immediate threats to any of them have been identified. All four subspecies are considered fairly common in much of their ranges, and all occur in at least one protected area. They seem "able to tolerate modest habitat degradation".

Habitat

The subspecies of the plain-mantled tit-spinetail inhabit different landscapes. The nominate subspecies and "L. a. grisescens" occur in arid scrublands, open forests, and in the natural vegetation in human-modified areas like agricultural fields, parks, and oases. In elevation, it ranges from near sea level to 2,500 m in Chile and up to 2,000 m in Peru. Subspecies "L. a. berlepschi" inhabits puna grasslands and scrublands of the Altiplano. In elevation, it ranges from about 3,500 to 4,300 m in Peru and 2,000 to 4,200 m in Chile and Argentina. "L. a. pallida" inhabits scrublands and woodlands at the transition between the lower elevation forest and higher steppe; it also occurs on salt flats and in arid thorny woods. In elevation, it ranges from sea level to 700 m.

Reproduction

The plain-mantled tit-spinetail breeds in the austral spring and summer. It is thought to be monogamous. It builds a cup nest of twigs, grasses, hair, and feathers in a cavity. It uses natural holes and holes made by woodpeckers in small trees and cacti, the abandoned nests of other birds, and crevices in rocks, cliffs, earthen banks, and even buildings. The nominate subspecies has also been documented nesting within the nest of larger species like the variable hawk and monk parakeet. Their clutch size is two to four eggs. The incubation period, time to fledging, and details of parental care are not known.

Food

The plain-mantled tit-spinetail feeds on arthropods. It typically forages in pairs or in small groups that may be families; in the non-breeding season, it forages in flocks of up to about 40 individuals. It regularly joins mixed species feeding flocks. It feeds from the forest's understorey to its canopy, though in some areas it stays quite low and even on the ground. It usually forages by gleaning its prey from foliage, flower clusters, twigs, and branches. It sometimes hangs upside down to reach prey.