Villous deadly carrot

Appearance

''Thapsia villosa'' is a perennial herb growing to a height of 70 to 190 cm . It has a robust and smooth tapering stem about 5 to 25 mm in diameter, arising from a thick root resembling a white carrot or turnip.

The leaves, like the name of the species suggests, are hairy. The leaves around the base of the stem have well-developed sheath-like petioles about 20 to 80 mm wide. Like the leaves, they are also hairy. They are whitish, yellowish, green, or purple in color. The leaf blades are triangular to deltoid in shape and are pinnate, subdivided once to thrice. The last leaflet subdivision is usually about 8 to 32 mm wide in ''T. villosa'' var. ''villosa''; while they are only about 1.5 to 3 mm wide in ''T. villosa'' var. ''dissecta''. The margins of the leaves are curled with small teeth-like and triangular serrated edges, each tipped with small spike. The main leaf midrib is densely covered in hair and light to dark green on the upper side, while it is smooth and grayish to greenish on the underside. The leaves are largest at the bottom and progressively become smaller the higher they are on the stem. In the upper parts of the stem, the leaves are often reduced to nothing more than petioles which form sheaths around the stem.

Like other members of the genus, the inflorescence of ''Thapsia villosa'' is a compound subhemispherical to globose umbel. It has 9 to 29 spokes and is about 6 to 12 cm in diameter. Bracts are usually absent, though in rare cases, one to three may be present, each around 6 to 40 mm in length and lanceolate in shape. The umbellules are hemispherical to globose. Bracteoles are also usually absent, though rarely 1 or 2 may be present. Each umbellule has about 18 to 43 flowers, each with five bright yellow elliptical petals. The fruits are oblong and around 9 to 15 mm long and 6 to 11 mm wide. When mature, they are light to dark brown in color with four yellowish to brownish wings characteristic of the genus. The main umbel has hermaphroditic flowers, containing both stamen and pistil. Smaller umbels may develop from the sides of the stem which usually contains only stamens. These umbels wither away quickly.

''Thapsia villosa'' is highly variable in morphology. The two varieties, ''T. villosa'' var. ''dissecta'' and ''T. villosa'' var. ''villosa'' are usually distinguished by how many times the leaf subdivides into leaflets. ''T. villosa'' var. ''dissecta'' has leaves that are deeply subdivided two or three times into narrow and small leaflets. ''T. villosa'' var. ''villosa'', in contrast are usually subdivided only once or twice. However, there are numerous intermediate forms between the two varieties and distinguishing between them can be very difficult. The diploid chromosome number of ''Thapsia villosa'' is 22, 33, 44, or 66.

Distribution

The native range of ''Thapsia villosa'' extends from southern France and the Iberian peninsula to northwestern Africa . It has also been introduced into Corsica. They can be found growing at altitudes of 0 to 1,800 m above sea level in scrublands, clearings, and near recently disturbed land like roads or cultivated fields.

In its native range, it is frequently confused with the similar-looking ''Ferula communis'', the giant fennel. ''Thapsia villosa'' and ''Ferula communis'' share some common names in Spanish like ''cañaheja''. Reports of ''Thapsia villosa'' in the Balearic Isles is likely the result of confusion with ''Thapsia gymnesica''.

Habitat

Unlike most members of the family Apiaceae, ''Thapsia villosa'' flowers early, during the months of May, June, and July. The flowers are pollinated by a variety of insects. The flowers develop into winged fruits that dry out around August, while other members of the family are usually still in bloom.The native range of ''Thapsia villosa'' extends from southern France and the Iberian peninsula to northwestern Africa . It has also been introduced into Corsica. They can be found growing at altitudes of 0 to 1,800 m above sea level in scrublands, clearings, and near recently disturbed land like roads or cultivated fields.

In its native range, it is frequently confused with the similar-looking ''Ferula communis'', the giant fennel. ''Thapsia villosa'' and ''Ferula communis'' share some common names in Spanish like ''cañaheja''. Reports of ''Thapsia villosa'' in the Balearic Isles is likely the result of confusion with ''Thapsia gymnesica''.

Defense

''Thapsia villosa'' is highly poisonous. Skin contact with the roots can cause severe itching and swelling.

Uses

Along with ''Thapsia garganica'' and ''Thapsia transtagana'', ''Thapsia villosa'' var. ''villosa'' contains C-19 terpenolides with strong SERCA-inhibiting properties ''in vitro''. They are of interest to medical researchers for their potential in treating neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease.Poison from the roots of ''Thapsia villosa'' is traditionally used by fishermen in Catalonia as an ichthyotoxin for stunning fish, making them easier to catch. Extracts from the root bark of ''Thapsia villosa'' have been used since ancient times as a yellow dye. In the 18th century, yellow dye from the flowers were used to color wool. ''Thapsia villosa'' are also grown as ornamentals for their bright yellow flowers.