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It is a large bee, measuring more than 20mm in length. Historically, "Xylocopa pubescens" has sometimes been treated as a subspecies of "aestuans". The two taxa have different distributions, with "X. aestuans" restricted to Southeast Asia, while "X. pubescens" occurs throughout most of Africa and eastward as far as the entire region of South Asia. There are also very clear, but subtle differences in the morphology of females and males.References:
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