Black-and-white Antbird

Appearance

Black-and-white antbirds are typically 11.5 cm in length and weigh between 11 and 13 grams. The males are black on top as well as the area from the base of the jaw and under the eyes to the auriculars. They have a white spot between their scapular feathers, which is almost always hidden, and their upper wing covert feathers are speckled with white. While their undersides are almost completely white, they have a bit of yellowish-brown on their flanks and bellies. Their short, graduated tail feathers have white tips, and their lower wing covert feathers are snow-white. The females are similar to the males, but with noticeable white markings on their lores. They also have more yellowish-brown around their rear undersides. The black-and-white antbird's beak is long, black, and slender. They have gray legs and brown irises.

Naming

The black-and-white antbird was first described by the English ornithologists Philip Sclater and Osbert Salvin in 1866 and given the binomial name "Hypocmenis hemileucus".

Distribution

The black-and-white antbirds are a species restricted to western Amazonia along the Amazon, Napo, and Ucayali rivers. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The black-and-white antbirds are primarily understory species. They are largely restricted to vine tangles where they occasionally ascend along tree trunks to the middle story. They are habitat specialists but can no longer be considered river-island obligates, as they colonize appropriate habitat where it occurs on the mainland. On more mainland areas, it avoids natural habitats and prefers agricultural habitats.

The vegetations most frequently visited by these antbirds are "Tessaria" thickets, young willows, wildcane, and the underbrush of "Cecropia" trees, especially in tangles of bindweed.

Status

According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, the Black-and-white antbird is of least concern. However, they were predicted to have lost at least 50% of their habitat within Brazil due to effects of infrastructure development.

Habitat

The black-and-white antbirds are a species restricted to western Amazonia along the Amazon, Napo, and Ucayali rivers. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The black-and-white antbirds are primarily understory species. They are largely restricted to vine tangles where they occasionally ascend along tree trunks to the middle story. They are habitat specialists but can no longer be considered river-island obligates, as they colonize appropriate habitat where it occurs on the mainland. On more mainland areas, it avoids natural habitats and prefers agricultural habitats.

The vegetations most frequently visited by these antbirds are "Tessaria" thickets, young willows, wildcane, and the underbrush of "Cecropia" trees, especially in tangles of bindweed.

Food

The diet of the black-and-white antbirds consists of arthropods and small vertebrae. They have a very novel foraging strategy: army-ant-following. This occurs when birds prey upon arthropods and small vertebrates flushed from the forest floor by swarm raids of the army-ant Eciton burchellii. This specialization is most developed in the typical antbirds which are divisible into three specialization categories: those that forage at swarms opportunistically as army-ants move through their territories, those that follow swarms beyond their territories but also forage independently of swarms, and those that appear incapable of foraging independently of swarms.