Naming
Three subspecies are recognized:⤷ ''Buceros hydrocorax hydrocorax:'' Luzon and Marinduque, Larger with an all red bill, large casque Now extinct on Marinduque
⤷ ''Buceros hydrocorax semigaelatus:''Samar, Leyte, Bohol, Panaon, Biliran, Calicoan and Buad ; Yellow front half of beak; flatter top of head with the casque smaller and merges into the maxilla
⤷ ''Buceros hydrocorax mindanensis:'' Dinagat, Siargao, Mindanao and Basilan; Yellow front half of beak; large casque
Distribution
It is endemic to the Philippines, where it occurs in primary, mature secondary and disturbed forests on 11 islands.Status
It occurs in moist tropical lowland forest. They are now considered to be a threatened species and its reasons for decline being habitat destruction. hunting and poaching for the illegal pet trade.Behavior
It is sometimes called "the clock of the mountains" because of its periodic noontime call. It has been recorded to have been preyed upon by the Philippine eagle.Habitat
This species occurs largely in primary evergreen dipterocarp forests, but also uses secondary forest. The Northern rufous hornbill has recorded up to 760 meters in Luzon while its southern counterpart has been recorded up to 2,100 meters above sea level on Mt. Apo.Reproduction
As with other hornbills, females seal themselves within the nest cavity, where they lay the clutch, and remain with the growing young for most or all of the nesting period. In some species, the male helps with the sealing process from outside the nest cavity. The nestlings and the female are fed by the male through a narrow vertical slit in the sealed nest opening, at times joined by non-breeding helper males.Nesting time will last in average of 4–6 months. In this duration the male will provide food to his confine female and nestling. They maintain the year- pair bonds and will paired together until many years’ time and engage a courtship feeding.
Food
Feeds on fruits, seeds, insects and small animals.References:
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