Tropical gnatcatcher

Appearance

The adult tropical gnatcatcher is 10 to 12 cm long, and weighs 6 to 8 g. Its "jizz" is similar to that of other gnatcatchers; a small bird with a relatively long thin bill, a long frequently cocked tail, grey upperparts and whitish underparts. The central rectrices are black, while the outer are white, and there is a white patch in the wing. Males of the nominate group have a contrasting black cap that reaches just below the eye, while this is lacking in females, which instead have a grey cap. Some females have an irregular black post-ocular patch. This is especially prominent in female of the subspecies "atricapilla" from north-eastern Brazil.

Males of the white-browed gnatcatcher resemble males of the nominate group, but the white of their underparts extends clearly above the eye, resulting in a more restricted black cap, which, however, often is connected with a fine black line from the nape to the rear of the eye. Females resemble males, but with the black of the cap replaced by grey, except for an irregular black patch in the post-ocular region. As the white in both sexes extends above the eye, they appear rather "white-browed", resulting in the common name proposed for this group if considered a separate species.

The final group, which only includes the taxon "maior", is distinctive. Males resemble males of the nominate group, but, except for their white forecrown, females resemble males of the "bilineata" group. Juveniles of all groups resemble females.

The tropical gnatcatcher has a thin buzzy "gezzz" call and a trilled "swee see see si si si su su" song. However, exact structure and tone of the voice varies greatly over its range.

Distribution

The nominate group if found from north-eastern Brazil, west through the Amazon Basin, and north to the Guianas, northern Venezuela and northern Colombia. The "bilineata" group is found from north-western Peru, through the Chocó and Central America, to southern Mexico. The Marañón gnatcatcher is restricted to the Marañón valley in northern Peru.

Both the nominate and the "bilineata" group are found in a wide range of wooded habitats, ranging from the arid woodland and scrub to humid forest. They are mainly found in lowlands below an altitude of 1,000 m, but the taxon "maior", which is restricted to dry woodland and scrub, is found at altitudes of 200 to 2,700 m.

In dense humid forest, it is typically found at canopy height, but it is commonly seen a lower levels in more open habitats. The tropical gnatcatcher gleans spiders and their eggs, beetles, caterpillars and other insects from outer twigs and foliage. Moving about alone or in pairs, it often joins mixed-species feeding flocks with tanagers, New World warblers and honeycreepers.

The nest is a small cup like that of a hummingbird, constructed from vegetable fibres 6.5 to 28 ft high on a tree branch. The female lays two or three brown-spotted white eggs in May and June.

This is a curious bird and unafraid of humans; this behavior renders it vulnerable to predators however. Even omnivorous mammals as small as the common marmoset will eagerly plunder tropical gnatcatcher nests in the undergrowth – perhaps more often during the dry season when fruits are scarce – despite the birds' attempts to defend their offspring.

Status

In general, this species is common and widespread throughout most of its range. Consequently, it considered to be of least concern by BirdLife International and IUCN. In the Amazon, this species is primarily associated with relatively open habitats, resulting in it being rather local. It may benefit from the opening of the forest caused by deforestation, at least as long as some stands of trees remain. The Marañón gnatcatcher remains common, but is restricted to a small region with extensive habitat destruction. Three other taxa with highly restricted distributions may be threatened, these being "anteocularis" of the Magdalena Valley, "daguae" of the Cauca Valley, and "cinericia" of Coiba Island.

Habitat

The nominate group if found from north-eastern Brazil, west through the Amazon Basin, and north to the Guianas, northern Venezuela and northern Colombia. The "bilineata" group is found from north-western Peru, through the Chocó and Central America, to southern Mexico. The Marañón gnatcatcher is restricted to the Marañón valley in northern Peru.

Both the nominate and the "bilineata" group are found in a wide range of wooded habitats, ranging from the arid woodland and scrub to humid forest. They are mainly found in lowlands below an altitude of 1,000 m, but the taxon "maior", which is restricted to dry woodland and scrub, is found at altitudes of 200 to 2,700 m.

In dense humid forest, it is typically found at canopy height, but it is commonly seen a lower levels in more open habitats. The tropical gnatcatcher gleans spiders and their eggs, beetles, caterpillars and other insects from outer twigs and foliage. Moving about alone or in pairs, it often joins mixed-species feeding flocks with tanagers, New World warblers and honeycreepers.

The nest is a small cup like that of a hummingbird, constructed from vegetable fibres 6.5 to 28 ft high on a tree branch. The female lays two or three brown-spotted white eggs in May and June.

This is a curious bird and unafraid of humans; this behavior renders it vulnerable to predators however. Even omnivorous mammals as small as the common marmoset will eagerly plunder tropical gnatcatcher nests in the undergrowth – perhaps more often during the dry season when fruits are scarce – despite the birds' attempts to defend their offspring.