Toque macaque

Appearance

It lives in troops, sometimes numbering up to 20, and has developed into three subspecies. This is a medium-sized monkey, although it is the smallest living species of macaque. It has a head and body length of 35–62 cm, a tail length of 40–60 cm. Males, at a weight of 4.1 to 8.4 kg, can occasionally attain much larger sizes than females, at a weight of 2.3 to 4.5 kg.

With age, the face of females turn slightly pink, prominent in the subsp. sinica.

"M. s. sinica" is more reddish brown than other two subspecies. The wet zone "M. s. aurifrons" has a browner hue dorsally back yellow.

Naming

The three recognized subspecies of toque macaques are:

- Dryzone toque macaque or Common toque macaque = Macaca sinica sinica
- Wetzone toque macaque or Pale-fronted toque macaque = Macaca sinica aurifrons
- Highland toque macaque or Hill-zone toque macaque = Macaca sinica opisthomelas

M. s. opisthomelas is similar to subsp. aurifrons, but has a long fur and contrasting golden color in the anterior part of its brown cap.

The three subspecies can be identified through the orientation of their different hair patterns.

Distribution

M. s. sinica is found from the Vavuniya, Mannar, up to the lowlands of Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Puttalam, and Kurunegala along the arid zone of Monaragala, and Hambantota districts.

M. s. aurifrons can be found sympatrically with subsp. sinica within intermediate regions of the country, such as Kegalle, parts of Kurunegala. They are also found in south-western parts of the island including Galle, and Matara districts, near to Kalu Ganga.

M. s. opisthomelas is recently identified as a separate subspecies. It can be found in the entire south-western region of central hill, (bordered with Ratnapura) and Nuwara Eliya districts. They can be seen around the Hakgala Botanical Garden and other cold climatic montane forest patches.

Status

IUCN listed toque macaque as Endangered in their list due to habitat destruction and hunting, and also for taming for pets. all the three subspecies are recognized as endangered entirely in their natural habitats.

Behavior

The social status is highly structured in toque macaques, where they prevail dominance hierarchies among both males and females. Females change the number of individual composition within a troop. A troop may consist very few as 8 to large as 40.

When the troop becomes too much, social tension and aggression towards each other arise, which giving some individuals to flee from the troop. This is remarkable in adults and sub adults, where a troop may consist largely with females. Newly appointed alpha male also show aggressiveness towards females, which results flee. There are sightings, where there are severe fights between individuals of the same troop and some gets heavy wounds to cheeks, eyes, and sometimes carry broken arms.

Habitat

Toque macaques live only in Sri Lanka. They look very different depending on their habitat. Toque macaques prefer natural forest land ranging from sea-level up to 6,000 feet. Those living in cold climates have thick, dark brown fur and short limbs and tails, while those living in the lowland rainforest have reddish or golden colored coats and long umbrella-like bonnets. The dry zone race has light coats, long limbs and short bonnets or toque hair.

Reproduction

When in estrous, the female's perineum becomes reddish in color and swells. This change is a signal to the males that she is ready to mate. There is an average of 18 month between births. After a 5–6 month gestation period, female macaque give birth to a single offspring.

Offspring hold on to their mothers for about 2 months. During this time they learn survival techniques and social skills critical for survival. The infants are born into their social classes based on their mothers position in the troop. Young males are forced to abandon their troop when they are about 6–8 years of age. This prevents in-breeding and ensures that the current alpha male maintains his position in the troop. Leaving the troop is the only way a male can change his social standing. If he has good social skills and is strong he may become an alpha male. A single alpha male can father all of the troops' offspring.

Birth rarely occurs during the day or on the ground. During labor the female isolates herself from the group (about 100 m). The mother stands bipedally during parturition and assists the delivery with her hands. The infant is usually born 2 minutes after crowning. The infant can vocalize almost immediately after birth; it is important for the mother and infant to recognize each other's voices. Vocalization will be used to alert the mother of imminent danger, and can assist in finding each other if separated. After birth the mother licks the infant and orients it toward her breasts. She will resume foraging behavior within 20 minutes after parturition. The mother also eats part of the placenta, because it is contains needed protein. The alpha female of the group asserts her power by taking part of the placenta for herself to eat.

The lifespan of toque macaques in the wild is about the same as in captivity, up to 35 years. The expected lifespan in the wild is low due to high infant mortality rates. There is also significant mortality among adolescent males when they venture off to join a different troop. Once toque macaques have reached sexual maturity they will likely live to an old age. (Fooden, 1979; Michael and Crook, 1973).

Food

Toque macaques are omnivores and like to eat fruit, seeds, nuts, mushrooms, tubers, invertebrates and occasionally animals, including reptiles and birds. All are expert raiders of crops where humans encroach on their habitat.

They are fond of eating drooping yellow clusters of flowers of Cassia fistula. They eat any good thing making use of human detritus by going after plantains, pineapples, rice grains, papaws, and mangoes. Even there are plenty of foods present in natural habitation, toque macaques enjoy to take any food with little effort around human dwellings. They are occasionally seen around houses near a forest patch, where they invade all the fruiting plants in the day sessions and return to the forest cover in night. Because, these macaques have very little fear for humans and their companions-the dogs.

Cheek pouches enable toque macaques to store enough food while eating fast. In the dry zone, they are known to eat drupes of understory shrub Zizyphus, ripe fruits of Ficus, and Cordia species. They occasionally eat many small animals ranging from small insects to mammals like indian palm squirrels and Vandeleuria oleracea.

Predators

Wild cats (leopards and fishing cats) and Indian rock python are the main predators of this species.

Cultural

Troops of the toque macaque are a common sight in the Cultural Triangle, where many ancient temples are situated, hence earning them the nickname "temple monkey".