Appearance
Adult body length measures approximately 22.0 mm. Males of this species are black with dark brown or black appendages. Females are similar in colour and have a dark brown ovipositor, measuring approximately 14 mm. Female colouration differs from males as they have lighter, more reddish legs.All species of field crickets generally look similar, with minor distinctions in morphological characteristics aiding in species identification. However, the male cricket's song play an important role in species identification. For an individual cricket, the species specific song helps distinguish mates and conspecifics from other species of crickets that might reside in the area. A recording of the spring field cricket's song can be heard.
Naming
This species is commonly confused with "Gryllus pennsylvanicus", as they inhabit the same geographical area. However, the two species are easily distinguished through examination of life history, ovipositor and behavioural differences.Distribution
"Gryllus veletis" is abundant throughout eastern North America. It ranges from southern Canada to northern Georgia, and as far west as Washington and Oregon "G. veletis" occurs in the same areas as "G. pennsylvanicus" but the spring field cricket does not reach as far north as Nova Scotia, Canada. "G. veletis" can be found in disturbed habitats such as old fields, and weedy roadsides.Behavior
Spring field crickets are sexually mature from late May to early August. Males of the species attract sexually receptive females by acoustic signals, known as stridulation. This process occurs by rubbing two rigid veins on the wings against one another. One vein is a "scraper", the other a "file". The wings are held at a 45 degree angle above the thorax to amplify the sound.Calling tends to peak at sunrise and lasts between 1.3 and 1.8 hours per night. However, if nighttime temperatures drop below 10 °C, calling will switch to the daytime. At 29 °C, the cricket will call at 120–370 chirps per minute, in a series of 3 to 5-pulse chirps. When a female is within the vicinity of a male’s territory, a quieter song is used to reduce the risk of predation and attraction of male competitors. Both males and females have directional hearing. Tympanums on the front legs pick up the vibrations created by the chirps. Depending on the strength, and on which leg the vibration is received, the location of the caller can be determined.
Once mating occurs, females use their ovipositor to lay eggs into a soil substrate. The eggs will mature between June and September. The immature spring field cricket will continue to develop into a late-instar nymph and overwinter in this stage until emergence as adults in late May. "G. veletis" therefore undergoes one generation per year.
Predators
Predators of "G. veletis" include American toads, wild turkeys, red-tailed hawks, wolf spiders and red-backed salamanders.References:
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