Rainbow shiner

Appearance

The rainbow shiner has a length of 5 to 8 centimeters. It has translucent color from pink to golden with a silver-black stripe along its flanks. The base of its fins are of a reddish color. Adult males change their color during the mating period. Their ventral fins become blue, their head turns purple and their nose turns red.

The rainbow shiner spawns between May and June.

Distribution

The native range of the rainbow shiner consists of the Mobile Bay basin, including the Coosa, Cahaba, and Alabama River drainages. This species is known from, and was possibly introduced into the Black Warrior River system. These reports however, have been questioned recently based on the fact that this species is typically found in streams with limestone outcrops in the watershed. N. chrosomus is found along the southeast edge of the Black Warrior River system consisting of streams that have headwaters in limestone formations. N. chrosomus is also known from, and may have been introduced into, tributaries of the Tennessee River, including Town Creek in northern Alabama and the South Chickamauga Creek system in north Georgia. The means of their introduction is unknown but it is hypothesized that it was by bait bucket release.Leo Nico. 2010. Notropis chrosomus. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. Revision Date: 12/5/2003.

Habitat

Notropis chrosomus is typically found in small, low-turbidity headwater streams flowing over gravelly and sandy riffles and pools but can also be found in springs and small, clear streams. N. chrosomus inhabit freshwater benthopelagic habitats in temperate waters. It is typical that rainbow shiners co-occur with Fundulus stellifer in small streams. N. chrosomus are considered opportunistic insectivores. Over 80% of food items preyed on are invertebrates, the bulk of which are aquatic and terrestrial insects. Studies show gut contents largely consisting largely of Chironomidae larvae, unidentified insect parts, unidentified Diptera adults, and Collembola.

Notropis chrosomus is considered a disturbance sensitive species however, their percent occurrence in the Upper Cahaba River has nearly doubled. Populations increased from 6.5% in 1983 to 12.5% in 1995 as opposed to other disturbance sensitive species also found in the Upper Cahaba River such as Cyprinella callistia, Etheostoma jordani, and Percina brevicauda whose populations have significant decreases within the same time span.

Evolution

Average adults reach 1.6 to 2.4 inches in length. Growth rates of N. chrosomus increase in spring in both length and weight in individuals who are one or two years of age. Mean age in months differs between sexes. Males live an average of 11.7 months whereas females typically live 13.5 months. The maximum age for males is around 23 months and 25 months for females. Sexual maturity typically occurs by 12 months of age for most individuals with the exception of a few that will become sexually mature by 24 months of age. The maximum age of a little over 24 months and sexual maturity occurring in most individuals by 12 months of age, suggests no more than two spawning seasons for any individual. Spawning occurs in 16-25 °C waters in late spring/early summer. N. chrosomus spawn in habits similar to those used throughout the year but egg deposition usually occurs in Semotilus sp. nests and Nocomis sp. nests. Rainbow shiners increase food intake during late winter and early spring which coincides with the increase in growth experienced in the spring months before the spawning season and also precedes the increased energy requirements of gamete production and courtship behaviors.