Acyrthosiphon kondoi

Appearance

The blue alfalfa aphid grows to a length of 3 to 3.5 mm . It is very similar in appearance to the closely related pea aphid , but is often a more bluish shade of green. One significant difference from the pea aphid is that the blue alfalfa aphid has uniformly dark-coloured antennae. Both wingless and winged female forms occur, with the winged aphids being able to disperse and colonise new plants. Males also sometimes occur, are smaller than females, and are green with brown markings on head, thorax and abdomen.

Distribution

A native of Asia, the species has spread to other parts of the world including North America, South America, Australia and New Zealand; it was first detected in the United States in California in 1974 and had spread to Nebraska by 1979, Georgia and Kentucky by 1983 and Maryland by 1992. It is mainly a pest of plants in the family Leguminosae including alfalfa, pea, lentil and cowpea. Its host range in North America is very similar to that of the pea aphid, however, it is seen earlier in the spring and is more tolerant of cool weather than the pea aphid. As populations build up, they are increasingly affected by entomopathogenic fungi and parasitoids, with populations peaking and stabilising. Hot summer weather, with temperatures averaging above 80.8 °F , favours the plants' natural resistance mechanisms, and numbers of aphids reduce sharply.

Habitat

There are both winged and wingless adult females and both can produce live young by viviparity although some females also produce batches of eggs. Wingless forms are prolific and may have twelve or more generations in a season, producing young at the rate of seven nymphs per day. Winged forms produce many fewer young. These aphids may overwinter as eggs or as females, the latter moving from annual plants onto perennial legumes in the fall.