Scaly Ink Cap

Appearance

The cap of ''C. variegata'' is thin, initially oval-shaped then bell-shaped, and then flattened with the margin turned upward; it reaches diameters of up to 12 in. When young, the surface of the cap is covered with a woolly whitish or yellowish veil that breaks up into short-lived flakes or scales; this process reveals the radially striate gray to grayish-brown cap surface.

The gills are broad, thin, crowded closely together, and free from attachment to the stem. They are initially white but turn to dark purplish-brown as the spores mature. The stem is 4 to 12 in and up to 1 cm thick, hollow, and whitish. It is roughly the same width throughout the length of the stem, and may have a wispy, cotton-like ring present near the base. Clusters of fruit bodies have a mass of rhizomorphs at the base called an ''ozonium''.

In deposit, the spores are dark brown. A light microscope may be used to reveal more features of the spores, including smooth surfaces, a dark brown color, an ellipsoid shape in face view and an egg shape in side view, and dimensions of 7.5–9.5 by 4–4.5 µm. The apex of the spore appears truncated because of the presence of a germ pore. The basidia are hyaline , with dimensions of 14–16 by 6.5–7.5 µm. The paraphyses are 9–11 by 8–10 µm, hyaline, and collapse readily. The pleurocystidia are abundant, roughly cylindrical, hyaline, and measure 100–150 by 20–35 µm. Cheilocystidia are present in young specimens, and are roughly ellipsoid, measuring 50–80 by 15–25 µm. Clamp connections are abundant in the hyphae in all tissues through the fruit body.

Naming

''Coprinopsis atramentaria'' is a cosmopolitan species that is roughly similar in size, color, and stature, but does not have patchy woolly tufts on the cap like ''C. variegata''.

Habitat

The species is saprobic—deriving nutrients by decomposing and digesting organic matter—and grows in clusters or in groups on decaying leaf litter or well-decayed wood. It typically fruits in a narrow window from June to July; this spring and early summer fruiting distinguishes it from the more common ''Coprinus comatus'' and ''Coprinopsis atramentaria'', which produce fruit bodies in late autumn. It is found in the United States, in areas east of the Great Plains.

''Coprinopsis variegata'' can attack soil bacteria, such as species of ''Pseudomonas'' and ''Agrobacterium'', and use them as nutrient sources. The fungus achieves this by growing specialized hyphae in the direction of the bacteria, sensing them with some chemoattractive mechanism not yet fully understood. The fungus then secretes compounds to digest the bacteria while growing assimilative hyphae to absorb the nutrients. The process is relatively rapid, and bacterial colonies can be assimilated in less than 24 hours.

Evolution

American mycologist Charles Horton Peck described three similar species over the course of a 24-year time period. The first, ''Coprinus variegata'' , followed later by ''C. ebulbosus'' , and finally ''C. quadrifidus'' . ''C. ebulbosus'' was initially considered a variety of the European species ''Coprinus picaceus'' S.F.Gray . Four years later, Peck published a more complete description of var. ''ebulbosus'' and raised it to species rank, having found it to differ consistently from ''C. picaceus'' in its smaller stature, lack of a bulbous stem base, and much smaller spores.

The three species described by Peck were distinguished on the basis of physical features that were later found to be somewhat overlapping. In terms of microscopic characters, spore sizes were not sufficiently different between them to be used as discriminating taxonomic characters. Subsequent investigators of North American mushroom flora had difficulties in interpreting Peck's concepts of these three taxa and in confirming their presence in their regional investigations. For example, McIlvaine , Hard , and McDougall reported only ''C. ebulbosus''. Bisby , Christensen , Smith , and Groves mentioned only ''C. quadrifidus''. Both Kauffman and Graham described ''C. ebulbosus'' and ''C. quadrifidus''; Graham, however, only included ''C. quadrifidus'' in his key to his descriptions of ''Coprinus'' species. In 1979, W. Patrick published a comparative analysis of the three taxa from material collected by Peck, and, after concluding that the three were not sufficiently distinct to be considered separate species, reduced them to synonymy with ''Coprinopsis variegata'', the earliest name.

The specific epithet ''variegata'' derives from the Latin passive verb participle ''variegatus'' meaning "to have different colors, to variegate". The synonym name ''quadrifidus'' refers to the four segments into which the cap frequently split when mature, while ''ebulbosus'' means "not being bulbous". The mushroom is commonly known as the "scaly ink cap" or the "feltscale inky cap".