Columnea consanguinea

Appearance

''Columnea consanguinea'' is a shrub-like herb with unbranched pale brown and hairy stems that grow to a maximum length of around 1 to 1.2 m long. Their leaves are borne on stalks around 1 cm in length, and arranged in an opposite pattern along the stems. However, one leaf in each pair is a great deal smaller than the other leaf, giving the impression that the leaves are arranged alternately.

The larger leaf blades are lanceolate with unequal sides. They are about 12 to 16 centimetres long and 3 to 6 cm wide. They are smooth on the upper surface and slightly hairy on the lower surface. They are predominantly dark green in color but bear characteristic translucent bright red heart-shaped markings on the underside of their leaves. The markings are visible on the upper surface as yellow-green areas. The smaller leaves in the pairs are only 1 to 2.5 cm in length, and about 0.8 cm in width. They are located flush to the stems and look like small sheaths.

The small tubular flowers arise from the stem near the bases of the leaves. They are about 3 cm long and 0.8 cm wide. The petals are pale yellow in color while the calyx can be green to red. They bloom all throughout the year and develop into small numerous yellow fruits.

''Columnea consanguinea'' closely resemble ''Columnea florida''. The latter also has red heart-shaped markings on their leaves but can be distinguished by the teeth-like edges of their flower calyces.

Distribution

''Columnea consanguinea'' grow in tropical rainforests at altitudes of 300 to 1,900 m above sea level. They can be found either growing on the ground or on the trunks of trees . They are endemic to Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, and Panama.

Habitat

''Columnea consanguinea'' have relatively small and drab flowers. In order to attract their main pollinators, the nectarivorous Green-crowned Brilliant , they instead use the markings on their leaves. Sunlight filtering through the translucent patches on their leaves give them a brilliant red color, reminiscent of stained-glass windows. Hummingbirds, like all birds, possess excellent color vision greater than that of humans. They are attracted to the red color of the markings and can then find their way to the flowers to feed. In doing so, they pollinate the flowers of ''C. consanguinea''.

The same strategy is used by ''C. florida'', which also have red markings on their leaves.''Columnea consanguinea'' grow in tropical rainforests at altitudes of 300 to 1,900 m above sea level. They can be found either growing on the ground or on the trunks of trees . They are endemic to Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, and Panama.