Bluing bolete

Appearance

The cap of ''G. cyanescens'' is initially convex, but flattens out in maturity, sometimes becoming shallowly depressed; it reaches a diameter of 4–12 cm . The cap is dry, and ranges in color from buff to yellowish to pale olive, occasionally with darker streaks of color. Its surface is uneven, sometimes with wrinkles and pits. The cap margin is initially curved inward, and sometimes splits in maturity. The flesh is whitish to pale yellow, and has a brittle texture. On the underside of the cap, the pore surface is white to yellowish, sometimes with olive or tan tinges. There are roughly two circular pores per millimeter, and the tubes that comprise the pores are 5–10 mm deep, but depressed around the top of the stem. Injury to the pores will cause them to stain first greenish yellow, then greenish blue or blue.

The stem is 4–10 cm long by 1–2.5 cm thick, and is either roughly equal in width throughout its length, or has a basal or middle swelling. The stem tissue is hard and brittle; it is initially stuffed with a soft pith that develops cavities, or becomes entirely hollow in maturity. Roughly the same color as the cap or lighter, the stem surface is dry and lacks reticulations. It is initially covered in coarse hairs that tend to disappear in maturity to leave a relatively smooth surface. All parts of the fruit body stain blue when cut or injured. The variety ''G. cyanescens'' var. ''violaceotinctus'' is nearly identical in appearance, but stains dark lilac to indigo when bruised. The odor and taste of the fruit bodies is indistinct.

The color of the spore print is pale yellow. Spores are ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline , and have dimensions of 8–10 by 5–6 µm. The basidia are club shaped, two- to four-spored, and measure 24–30 by 8–10 µm. Pleurocystidia are light yellow brown in color, club shaped, infrequent, and measure 25–38 by 7.2 µm; the cheilocystidia are colorless, numerous, and measure 32–47 by 7–10 µm. Clamp connections are present in the hyphae.

Naming

Although there are a few lookalike species with similar overall appearance, in the field, ''Gyroporus cyanescens'' is typically readily recognized by its characteristic straw-yellow color and nearly instantaneous dark blue bruising. ''G. phaeocyanescens'' is smaller, with a dull brownish-yellow cap. Although its flesh has a bluing reaction to injury, its yellow pore surface does not. It has larger spores, measuring 9–15 by 5–7 µm. ''G. umbrinosquamosus'', found along the Gulf Coast of the United States, is similar in appearance, but lacks the bluing reaction. Newly described from China in 2003, ''G. brunneofloccosus'' closely resembles ''G. cyanescens'', and was frequently confused with that species. It has a smaller fruit body, with a brownish cap up to 8 cm in diameter. Its staining reaction involves a change from light turquoise to dark turquoise or dark blue. Its spores are 5–8.5 by 4–5.3 µm. ''Suillus tomentosus'' has brownish pores that undergo a slower blue staining reaction. If the fruit bodies are not uprooted and only the top of the cap is examined, ''G. cyanescens'' can be confused with young ''Russula fellea'' mushrooms.

Distribution

''Gyroporus cyanescens'' is an ectomycorrhizal species that has a broad host range. Fruit bodies of ''Gyroporus cyanescens'' grow singly or scattered on the ground in deciduous and mixed forests. Often found in association with birch and poplar, the fungus tends to prefer sandy soil, and also frequents road banks and woodland edges. Fruiting occurs in summer and early autumn. Fruit bodies can be parasitized by the mold ''Sepedonium ampullosporum''. Infection results in necrosis of the mushroom tissue, and a yellow color caused by the formation of large amounts of pigmented aleurioconidia .

''Gyroporus cyanescens'' is found in Asia, Australia, North America, and Europe. In China, it is known from Guangdong and Yunnan. The fungus appears in eucalypt woodland in Australia. In North America, it is widespread east of the Rocky Mountains. The geographical distribution ranges from eastern Canada to Florida, and west to Minnesota, although it has been occasionally reported from the Pacific Northwest. ''G. cyanescens'' var. '' violaceotinctus'' has been reported from Japan.

Habitat

''Gyroporus cyanescens'' is an ectomycorrhizal species that has a broad host range. Fruit bodies of ''Gyroporus cyanescens'' grow singly or scattered on the ground in deciduous and mixed forests. Often found in association with birch and poplar, the fungus tends to prefer sandy soil, and also frequents road banks and woodland edges. Fruiting occurs in summer and early autumn. Fruit bodies can be parasitized by the mold ''Sepedonium ampullosporum''. Infection results in necrosis of the mushroom tissue, and a yellow color caused by the formation of large amounts of pigmented aleurioconidia .

''Gyroporus cyanescens'' is found in Asia, Australia, North America, and Europe. In China, it is known from Guangdong and Yunnan. The fungus appears in eucalypt woodland in Australia. In North America, it is widespread east of the Rocky Mountains. The geographical distribution ranges from eastern Canada to Florida, and west to Minnesota, although it has been occasionally reported from the Pacific Northwest. ''G. cyanescens'' var. '' violaceotinctus'' has been reported from Japan.

Uses

''Gyroporus cyanescens'' is edible, and considered "choice" by several sources. The fruit bodies, even if mature, are typically free of insect larvae. Specimens collected in sandy soil, however, are difficult to clean, but cleaning may be facilitated by washing the fruit bodies in a bowl of water so that the sand sinks to the bottom. The blue color largely disappears after two minutes of sautéing. Cooked mushrooms have a meaty texture, and mild nutty flavor that is enhanced if fried to crispness. Drying the mushrooms strengthens the taste.

The variety ''violaceotinctus'' is used in mushroom dyeing, and produces a light yellow, beige, gold, or brownish-orange color depending on the mordant used.