Defense
"B. dioica" is generally toxic to humans. Application of its juice to the skin produces inflammation with a rash or ulcers, and consumption of this juice causes intense gastrointestinal irritation including nausea and vomiting in small doses, and anxiety, paralysis, or death in larger amounts.The seed of this vine, by contrast, is safely edible, and finds use in Western Europe as an ingredient in starch dishes.
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