WildFlower

The country is not detected from the geotag.

Ornithogalum sigmoideum

The focus here is on the daisies so I cannot see the pink flowers clearly but I would rather assume it is from the Fabaceae family. The leaves around it most certainly are. Some similar plants are the sainfoin or the vetches.
http://www.luontoportti.com/suomi/en/kukkakasvit/sainfoin
http://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Vicia+sylvatica

It is a Mycalesis sp. but I am not sure which one.
http://www.norththailandbirding.com/pages/galleries/butterflies_c/th/b05_satyrinae2.html
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/butterflies/Nymphalidae/Satyrinae

Most likely a Calospila emylius.
http://riodinidae.org/2016/03/25/calospila-emylius/
http://www.neotropicalbutterflies.com/Site%20Revision/Pages/Metalmark_%20Pages/Nymphidiini_Tribe/Nymphidinii_pages/Calospila_emylius.html
http://www.learnaboutbutterflies.com/Amazon%20-%20Calospila%20emylius.htm
https://www.flickr.com/photos/76033499@N00/8716807405/

I have no idea either. I am not such a big fan of spiders. There are stranger things in nature anyway and there is not always a good explanation for them.

That's what you have on your photo instead of the X that most other species form.

What a strange creature!

The hopper looks like a Schedocentrus sp.
https://myrockytop.smugmug.com/Travel/Ecuador-2012/Sacha-Lodge/i-BwpCQJh
https://www.flickr.com/photos/bigal_river_conservation_project_ecuador/3192160841
https://www.flickr.com/photos/eerikas_bilder/33701475862
https://abbottnature.photoshelter.com/image/I0000oMBybI3rSBo
You're probably right about the exuviae. It makes an interesting composition though.

Probably a nymph of Copiphora sp.
http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1133855
https://www.flickr.com/photos/tags/copiphora/
https://www.flickr.com/photos/80125969@N00/331996666
This is a similar adult, but not exactly the same shape of the horn.